Electrochemical biosensors in pharmaceutical analysis

Given the increasing demand for practical and low-cost analytical techniques, biosensors have attracted attention for use in the quality analysis of drugs, medicines, and other analytes of interest in the pharmaceutical area. Biosensors allow quantification not only of the active component in pharmaceutical formulations, but also the analysis of degradation products and metabolites in biological fluids. Thus, this article presents a brief review of biosensor use in pharmaceutical analysis, focusing on enzymatic electrochemical sensors.Em virtude do aumento da demanda por técnicas analíticas simples e de baixo custo, os biossensores têm atraído a atenção para a análise de fármacos, medicamentos e outros analitos de interesse em controle de qualidade de medicamentos. Os biossensores permitem a quantificação não somente de princípio ativo em formulações farmacêuticas, mas também de produtos de degradação e metabólitos em fluídos biológicos, bem como análise de amostras de interesse clínico e industrial, além de possibilitar a determinação de enantiômeros. Desta forma, este artigo objetiva fazer uma breve revisão a respeito do emprego de biossensores em análise farmacêutica, com ênfase em sensores eletroquímicos enzimáticos

Performance Evaluation of Active and Non-active Electrodes for Doxorubicin Electro-oxidation

Electrochemical remediation is an innovative technique that utilizes electro-oxidation reactions to degrade micropollutants such as doxorubicin (DOX) that is a drug widely used to treat many types of cancer,  and it is present in hospital effluents. The aim   of this work is to evaluate the efficiency of active and non-active electrodes in DOX degradation during electrochemical treatments. AuO-TiO2@graphite, a nanostructured electrode, and BDD, a commercial electrode, were used as active and non-active electrodes respectively. DOX treatments were realized at concentration of 1.25 mmol L-1 in medium with 10 mmol L-1 NaCl as support electrolyte. Studies were realized in 5 V of voltage source. Results: The treatment of DOX with BDD promoted 100% of DOX degradation in 20 min, while the same result was obtained for the AuO-TiO2@graphite in 40 min of treatment. Also, the modified electrode presented an energy expenditure of 1.12 kWh m-3 and the BDD achieved 0.462 kWh m-3. Thus, the active and non-active electrodes were efficient to promote DOX degradation, and the BDD, the non-active electrode demonstrated a better performance. Keywords: Eletro-Oxidadion, Modified Graphite Anodes, BDD, Doxorubicin, Micropollutant

Efficient Enzyme-Free Biomimetic Sensors for Natural Phenol Detection

The development of sensors and biosensors based on copper enzymes and/or copper oxides for phenol sensing is disclosed in this work. The electrochemical properties were studied by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry using standard solutions of potassium ferrocyanide, phosphate/acetate buffers and representative natural phenols in a wide pH range (3.0 to 9.0). Among the natural phenols herein investigated, the highest sensitivity was observed for rutin, a powerful antioxidant widespread in functional foods and ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. The calibration curve for rutin performed at optimum pH (7.0) was linear in a broad concentration range, 1 to 120 M (r = 0.99), showing detection limits of 0.4 M. The optimized biomimetic sensor was also applied in total phenol determination in natural samples, exhibiting higher stability and sensitivity as well as distinct selectivity for antioxidant compound

Some aspects of immunoassays applied to analytical chemistry

In the last years, the use of antibody-antigen interactions, has earned attention not only for clinical analysis, but also for food industry and environmental control. Since the scope and diversity of immunoassay technology have shown a wide development. Continuous advances in order to analyse complex matrices, to improve reliability, simplicity (nonseparation) and to get multiple simultaneous assays, and extreme sensitivity (lower than zeptomole detection limits) are increasing. Many strategies have been investigated including chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays, DNA as label and development of flow injection and immunosensors techniques. This subject became very usefull and important in nowadays that are taught in the undergraduate courses of chemistry in the european universities. However in our country are still ignored in the chemistry course.874881Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Water Soluble Cyclophosphamide Adducts of Rhodium(II) Keto-Gluconate and Glucuronate. Synthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Cytostatic Assays

The synthesis, characterization and biological assays of two new rhodium carboxylate sugar derivatives and respective cyclosphosphamide adducts are described. The compounds, characterized by 13C and 1H NMR, infrared and UV-visible spectra, presented high water solubility and hydration grades were confirmed given the concordance between thermal and CHN analyses. The adducts were active in vitro against K-562 cells

Aspectos técnicos e legais do gerenciamento de resíduos químico-farmacêuticos

O risco ambiental decorrentes da geração de resíduos tem aumentado com o progresso tecnológico, bem como com o aumento populacional. Destacam-se, neste contexto, os riscos potenciais decorrentes da rotina de indústrias químico-farmacêuticas, bem como de laboratórios de ensino e pesquisa associados. Por esta razão, vários projetos visando à otimização do tratamento de resíduos industriais e/ou laboratoriais vêm sendo propostos. A presente revisão apresenta uma síntese das estratégias implantadas no sentido de minimizar ou solucionar problemas relacionados ao manejo dos resíduos, provenientes de indústrias, instituições de pesquisa e ensino, entre outros potenciais geradores de resíduos. Apresentam-se as diretrizes legais mais gritantes e alguns aspectos técnicos relacionados à segregação, acondicionamento, tratamento e descarte final destes resíduos.The environmental risks from waste production has arisen with the technological progress, as well as with the world population increase. The risks from the industrial or academic routines in pharmaceutical or fine chemical plants and projects are remarkable. For this reason, many projects focusing on the optimization of waste treatment in these places have been proposed. This paper, reviews some of the main strategies introduced, in order to solve or decrease the problems, in the management of pharmaceutical-chemical wastes in industry, universities, among other potential kind of waste generators. The main regulatory and technical aspects, associated to segregation, packaging, treatment and final disposal of these wastes are presented

Radical Scavenger Capacity of Jabuticaba Fruit ( Myrciaria cauliflora

Jabuticaba is an exotic fruit native to Brazil that has been arousing medicinal interest. Using chemical (HPLC-PDA, resonance mass spectra, and NMR), electroanalytical (differential pulse voltammetry, radical scavenging assay), and pharmacological (in vivo and in vitro) approaches, we have identified its bioactive compounds and hypotensive effects on hypertensive rats. The hydroalcoholic extract of jabuticaba (HEJ) presents a great quantity of phenolic compounds, and several molecules with hydroxyl groups present high efficiency as an antioxidant. The treatment with HEJ (100 and 300 mg/kg/day, for four weeks) presented hypotensive effects on L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats, possibly improving the nitric oxide bioavailability because of its high antioxidant potential. Furthermore, renal and cardiac hypertrophies were also attenuated after the HEJ treatment. Moreover, the vascular responses to contractile and dilating agonists were improved with the HEJ treatment, which is also able to induce nitric oxide production in endothelial cells

Predictive Modelling to Study the Electrochemical Behaviour of PdO, TiO2 and Perovskite-Type LaFeO3 Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes

Transition metals are highly sought after in electrode construction due to their eventual electrocatalytic effects. In this context, this work presents the study of several metal oxide modified electrodes focusing in the evaluation of their electrochemical features through voltammetry and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Moreover, a predictive statistical model was also developed using LASSO regression. Henceforth, glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and carbon paste electrode (CPE) were used to establish correlations between the herein studied modifications, namely: PdO@CPE, TiO2@CPE, and LaFeO3@CPE. Results evidence that metal oxide modified electrodes may increase signal detection through electrocatalytic effects, however, the herein developed model evidenced that surface area plays a major role in electrode response through voltammetry

Differential pulse voltammetric determination of albendazole and mebendazole in pharmaceutical formulations based on modified sonogel carbon paste electrodes with perovskite-type LaFeO3 nanoparticles.

Benzimidazoles, such as albendazole (AB) and mebendazole (MB), are common anthelmintic agents, widely used throughout the world to combat parasitic diseases. The electroanalytical sensing of AB and MB based on Perovskite-Type LaFeO3 nanoparticles modified sonogel carbon paste electrodes has been reported for the first time. Perovskite-type LaFeO3 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD indicates the formation of monophase perovskite LaFeO3 and FT-IR spectrum shows a band at 570 cm-1 which is associated to the formation of lanthanum ferrite. Microscopy images show that the distribution in pore size and shape is not well defined. The particles sizes are found to be above 200 nm. It was found that sonogel carbon paste modified electrodes with Perovskite-type LaFeO3 nanoparticles exhibit higher catalytic activity and sensitivity toward the detection of AB and MB compared to the unmodified electrode. The limits of detection for albendazole and mebendazole were reported to be 0.3 μM and 0.6 μM respectively and the limits of quantification 0.8 μMand 1.7 μMrespectively. The electroanalytical protocol was successfully applied for the sensing of AB and MB in pharmaceutical formulations

Comercialização, dispensação e prescrição de Nutracêuticos antioxidantes por farmacêuticos: Marketing, dispensing and prescription of antioxidant Nutraceutics by pharmacists

OBJETIVO: O presente estudo busca elencar nutracêuticos comercializados em Drogarias na cidade de Goiânia, Brasil e avaliar o grau de conhecimento do profissional farmacêutico sobre o uso destes produtos, boas práticas de armazenamento, orientações para a dispensação e prescrição farmacêutica. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa quantitativa, observacional do tipo transversal, realizado por meio de um questionário eletrônico distribuído aos farmacêuticos nas farmácias comunitárias, localizadas na região sul em Goiânia- Goiás. No período de 15 de julho a 15 de agosto de 2021. Na ocasião foi realizado a visita e entrevista a 30 farmácias ¬¬nas quais foram entrevistados 30 farmacêuticos. RESULTADOS: Verificamos que os nutracêuticos mais vendidos foram, destacadamente: Propolis (Apis melífera), Maca Peruana (Lepidium meyeni) Alho (Allium sativum), e os indicados/ SEM PRESCRIÇÃO pelo farmacêutico; Propolis, Cranberry (Vaccnium macrocarpom) e Maca Peruana e prescritos Alho, Cha verde (Camellia sinensis) e Açafrão (Curcuma longa). CONCLUSÕES: A resolução nº 586 objetivou permitir aos farmacêuticos habilitados prescrever terapias farmacológicas. Identificamos que 46,7% nunca prescreveu um MIP, e 43,3% nunca prescreveu nutracêuticos, o que ultrapassa 60% dos entrevistados que nunca realizou uma prescrição farmacêutica., observa-se grande número de usuários de nutracêuticos sem o acompanhamento de um profissional habilitado, seja o farmacêutico ou nutricionista.  É importante ressaltar que nenhum dos profissionais avaliados fizeram a prescrição de nutracêuticos. Essa atividade necessita ser implementada, pois embora haja a garantia legal para a realização da prescrição pelo farmacêutico, ainda não se observa na rotina de trabalho do farmacêutico a realização dessa atribuição clínica.&nbsp